Staggering execution of an instruction by dividing a full-width macro instruction into at least two partial-width micro instructions

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus are disclosed for staggering execution of an instruction. According to one embodiment of the invention, a single macro instruction is received wherein the single macro instruction specifies at least two logical registers and wherein the two logical registers respectively store a first and second packed data operands having corresponding data elements. An operation specified by the single macro instruction is then performed independently on a first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from said first and second packed data operands at different times using the same circuit to independently generate a first and second plurality of resulting data elements. The first and second plurality of resulting data elements are stored in a single logical register as a third packed data operand.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of computer systems. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for staggering execution of an instruction.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Multimedia applications such as 2D/3D graphics, image processing, video compression/decompression, voice recognition algorithms and audio manipulation, require performing the same operation on a large number of data items (referred to as “data parallelism”) which may be represented in a small number of bits. For example, graphical and sound data are typically represented by 32-bits in floating point format and 8 or 16 bits in integer format. Floating point numbers are represented in a computer system in the form of a digit string including three components: a sign, an exponent (indicating the magnitude of the number) and a significand or mantissa (indicating the value of the fractional portion of the number). Each type of multimedia application implements one or more algorithms, where each algorithm may require a number of floating point or integer operations, such as ADD or MULTIPLY (hereafter MUL).

Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) technology has enabled a significant improvement in multimedia application performance. SIMD technology provides for a single macro instruction who execution causes a processor to perform the same operation on multiple data items in parallel. This technology is especially suited to systems that provide packed data formats. A packed data format is one in which the bits in a register are logically divided into a number of fixed-sized data elements, each of which represents a separate value. For example, a 64-bit register may be broken into four 16-bit elements, each of which represents a separate 16-bit value. SIMD instructions then separately manipulate each element in these packed data types in parallel. For example, a SIMD packed ADD instruction adds together corresponding data elements from a first packed data operand and a second packed data operand, as illustrated in FIG. 1. More specifically, the corresponding data elements for X and Y are added to result in Z, i.e. X₀+Y₀=Z₀, X₁+Y₁=Z₁, X₂+Y₂=Z₂ and X₃+Y₃=Z₃.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a current processor implementation of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that can be used to execute SIMD instructions. The ALU of FIG. 2A includes the circuitry necessary to perform operations on the full width of the operands (i.e. all of the data elements). This example assumes that the processor execution engine is capable of processing one instruction per clock cycle. FIG. 2A also shows that the ALU contains two different type of execution units for respectively performing different types of operations (e.g. certain ALUs use separate units for performing ADD and MUL operations). The four ADD execution units and four MUL execution units are respectively capable of operating as four separate ADD execution units and four separate MUL execution units. Alternatively, the ALU may contain multiple Floating Point Multiply Accumulate (FMAC) units, each capable of performing more than a single type of operation. The following examples assume the use of ADD and MUL execution units, but other execution units such as FMAC may also be used.

Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 2B, if at time T, an “ADD X, Y” instruction is issued via issue port 105, each of the four ADD execution units performs an ADD on the separate packed data elements. The four MUL units remain idle during time T. At time T+1, assuming an “ADD A, B” instruction is issued, each of the four ADD execution units once again performs an ADD on the separate packed data elements, while the four MUL units once again remain idle. At time T+2, if a “MUL X, Y” instruction is issued, then each of the four MUL units separately performs a MUL on one of the four packed data elements, while the four ADD execution units remain idle. Finally, at time T+3, if an “ADD S, T” instruction is issued, then each of the four ADD execution units perform ADDs while the four MUL units remain idle.

The implementation described above can require a significant amount of duplicated hardware components and is inefficient in utilizing the hardware components (namely the ADD and MUL execution units). At any given time, one execution unit remains idle while the second execution unit is active. Once again, this example assumes that the processor execution engine is capable of processing one instruction per clock cycle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for staggering execution of an instruction. According to one embodiment of the invention, a single macro instruction is received wherein the single macro instruction specifies at least two logical registers and wherein the two logical registers respectively store a first and second packed data operands having corresponding data elements. An operation specified by the single macro instruction is then performed independently on a first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from said first and second packed data operands at different times using the same circuit to independently generate a first and second plurality of resulting data elements. The first and second plurality of resulting data elements are stored in a single logical register as a third packed data operand.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described by way of example and not by way of limitation with reference to the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a SIMD packed ADD instruction adding together corresponding data elements from a first packed data operand and a second packed data operand;

FIG. 2A illustrates four ADD execution units and four MUL execution units according to a current processor implementation of SIMD;

FIG. 2B illustrates a current processor implementation of a SIMD ADD and MUL utilizing the four ADD execution units and four MUL execution units of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3 illustrates conceptually an operation being performed on the operands in a “staggered” manner;

FIG. 4A conceptually illustrates circuitry within a processor that accesses full width operands from the logical registers but that performs operations on half of the width of the operands at a time;

FIG. 4B is a timing chart that further illustrates the circuitry of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5 illustrates the circuit of FIG. 4 with bypassing according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6A illustrates conceptually one embodiment of an out-of-order pipeline to perform operations on operands in a “staggered” manner by converting a macro operation into a plurality of micro operations that each processes a portion of the full width of the operands;

FIG. 6B is a timing chart that further illustrates the embodiment described in FIG. 6A;

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the operation of a shuffle instruction in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a shuffle instruction in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention is a method and apparatus for staggering execution of an instruction. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that these specific details need not be used to practice the present invention. In other instances, well-known structures, interfaces, and processes have not been shown in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

Overview

FIG. 3 illustrates conceptually an operation being performed on operands in a “staggered” manner. Although one embodiment of the present invention assumes a packed data operand format, the following description is also applicable to performing certain operations (e.g. logical operations) on a scalar data format. “Staggered execution” in the context of this embodiment refers to the process of dividing an instruction's operands into separate segments and sequentially processing each segment using the same hardware. The segments are sequentially processed by introducing a delay into the processing of the subsequent segments. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the packed data operands of an ADD instruction are divided into a “high order segment” (data elements 3 and 2) and a “low order segment” (data elements 1 and 0). The low order segment is processed while the high order segment is delayed. Subsequently, the high order segment is processed and the full-width result is obtained. Additionally, although the following embodiments are described as having only ADD and MUL execution units, other types of execution units such as FMAC units may also be used.

While there are a number of different ways in which the staggered execution of instructions can be achieved, the following sections describe two exemplary embodiments to illustrate the invention. In particular, both of the described exemplary embodiments receive the same macro instructions specifying logical registers containing 128 bit operands. The term logical register is used herein to refer to the concept of the manner in which instructions specify a storage area that contains a single operand. Thus, a logical register can be implemented in hardware using any number of well known techniques, including a dedicated physical register, one or more dynamically allocated physical register using a register renaming mechanism (described in further detail below), etc..

In the first exemplary embodiment, each macro instruction specifying logical registers containing 128 bit operands causes the full-width of the operands to be accessed from the physical registers. Subsequent to accessing the full-width operands from the registers, the operands are divided into the low and high order segments (e.g., using latches and multiplexers) and sequentially executed using the same hardware. The resulting half-width results are collected and simultaneously written to a single logical register.

In contrast, in the second exemplary embodiment each macro instruction specifying logical registers containing 128 bit operands is divided into at least two micro instructions that each operate on only half of the operands. Thus, the operands are divided into a high and low order segment and each micro instruction separately causes only half of the operands to be accessed from the registers. This type of a division is possible in a SIMD architecture because each of the operands is independent from the other. While implementations of the second embodiment can execute the micro instructions in any order (either an in order or an out of order execution model), the micro instructions respectively causes the operation specified by the macro instruction to be independently performed on the low and high order segments of the operands. In addition, each micro instruction causes half of the resulting operand to be written into the single logical register specified by the macro instruction.

While embodiments are described in which 128 bit operands are divided into two segments, alternative embodiments could use larger or smaller operands and/or divide those operands into more than two segments. In addition, while two exemplary embodiments are described for performing staggered execution, alternative embodiments could use other techniques.

First Exemplary Embodiment

FIG. 4A conceptually illustrates circuitry within a processor according to a first embodiment that accesses full width operands from the logical registers but that performs operations on half of the width of the operands at a time. This embodiment assumes that the processor execution engine is capable of processing one instruction per clock cycle. By way of example, assume the following sequence of instructions is executed: ADD X, Y; MUL A, B. At time T, 128-bits of X and 128-bits of Y are each retrieved from their respective registers via ports 1 and 2. The lower order data segments, namely the lower 64 bits, of both X and Y are passed into multiplexers 402 and 404 and then on to the execution units for processing. The higher order data segments, the higher 64 bits of X and Y are held in delay elements M1 and M2. At time T+1, the higher order data segments of X and Y are read from delay elements M1 and M2 and passed into multiplexers 402 and 404 and then on to the execution units for processing. The delay mechanism of storing the higher order data segments in delay elements M1 and M2 thus allows the 64-bit hardware to process the 128-bits of data. The low order results from the execution unit are held in delay element M3 until the high order results are ready. The results of both processing steps are then written back to register file 400 via port 3.

At time T+1, the MUL instruction may also have been started. Thus, at time T+1, 128-bits of A and B may each have been retrieved from their respective registers via ports 1 and 2. The lower order data segments, namely the lower 64-bits, of both A and B may be passed into multiplexers 406 and 408. After the higher order bits of X and Y are removed from delay elements M1 and M2 and passed into multiplexers 406 and 408, the higher order bits of A and B may be held in storage in delay elements M1 and M2. The results of both processing steps is written back to register file 400 via port 3.

Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, execution units are provided that contain only half the hardware (e.g. two single precision ADD execution units and two single precision MUL execution units), instead of the execution units required to process the full width of the operands in parallel as found in a current processor. This embodiment takes advantage of statistical analysis showing that multimedia applications utilize approximately fifty percent ADD instructions and fifty percent MUL instructions. To take advantage of this embodiment of the present invention, in an in-order machine, the order of the ADD instructions and MUL instructions must be enforced to follow the following pattern: ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL. In an out-of-order machine, however, this pattern does not have to be enforced because a scheduling mechanism may be utilized to order the instructions in the appropriate pattern where possible. By utilizing the ADD and MUL execution units in the manner described above, the present embodiment provides for an optimized use of the execution units, thus enabling comparable performance to the current processor, but at a lower cost.

FIG. 4B is a timing chart that further illustrates the circuitry of FIG. 4A. More specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, when instruction “ADD X, Y” is issued at time T, the two ADD execution units first perform ADDs on the lower order data segments or the lower two packed data elements of FIG. 1, namely X₀Y₀ and X₁Y₁. At time T+1, the ADD operation is performed on the remaining two data elements from the operands, by the same execution units, and the subsequent two data elements of the higher order data segment, namely X₂Y₂ and X₃Y₃, are added. At time T+1, processing of MUL instruction “MUL X,Y” may also begin. At time T+1, the two MUL execution units first perform MULs on the lower order data segments or the lower two packed data elements of FIG. 1, namely X₀Y₀ and X₁Y₁. At time T+2, the MUL operation is performed on the remaining two data elements from the operands, by the same execution units, and the subsequent two data elements of the higher order data segment, namely X₂Y₂ and X₃Y₃, are multiplied. While the above embodiment is described with reference to ADD and MUL operations using two execution units, alternate embodiments may use any number of execution units and/or execute any number of different operations in a staggered manner.

According to this embodiment, 64-bit hardware may be used to process 128-bit data. A 128-bit register may be broken into four 32-bit elements, each of which represents a separate 32-bit value. At time T, the two ADD execution units perform ADDs first on the two lower 32-bit values, followed by an ADD on the higher 32-bit values at time T+1. In the case of a MUL operation, the MUL execution units behave in the same manner. This ability to use currently available 64bit hardware to process 128-bit data represents a significant cost advantage to hardware manufacturers.

As described above, the ADD and MUL execution units according to the present embodiment are reused to reexecute a second ADD or MUL operation at a subsequent clock cycle. In order for this re-using or “staggered execution” to perform efficiently, this embodiment takes advantage of the statistical behavior of multimedia applications. More specifically, as described above, this embodiment takes advantage of statistical analysis showing that multimedia applications utilize approximately fifty percent ADD instructions and fifty percent MUL instructions. To take advantage of this embodiment of the present invention, in an in-order machine, the order of the ADD instructions and MUL instructions must be enforced to follow the following pattern: ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL. In an out-of-order machine, however, this pattern does not have to be enforced because a scheduling mechanism may be utilized to order the instructions in the appropriate pattern where possible.

At time T+1, when the two ADD execution units are performing the second ADD operation on the two data elements of the higher order data segment, the two MUL units may begin a multiply operation. The first two data elements of the MUL, i.e. the lower order data segment, may be multiplied at time T+1 by the two MUL units, followed at time T+2 by the MUL units reexecuting the MUL operation on the two packed data elements of the higher order data segment. In this manner, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the number of ADD and MUL execution units are reduced by half, while maintaining the same or comparable performance as before.

If, however, a second ADD instruction follows the first, the second ADD instruction may be delayed by a scheduling unit to allow the ADD execution units to complete the first ADD instruction, or more specifically on the higher order data segment of the first ADD instruction. The second ADD instruction may then begin executing. Alternatively, in an out-of-order processor, the scheduling unit may determine that a MUL instruction further down the instruction stream may be performed out-of-order. If so, the scheduling unit may inform the MUL execution units to begin processing the MUL instruction. If no MUL instructions are available for processing at time T+1, the scheduler will not issue an instruction following the first ADD instruction, thus allowing the ADD execution units time to complete the first ADD instruction before beginning the second ADD instruction.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention allows for back-to-back ADD or MUL instructions to be issued by re-executing the instruction on the same execution units on a half clock cycle instead of a full clock cycle. Reexecuting the instruction on the half clock cycle effectively “double pumps” the hardware, i.e. makes the hardware twice as fast. In this manner, the ADD or MUL execution units may be available during each clock cycle to execute a new instruction. Double pumped hardware would allow for the hardware units to execute twice as efficiently as single pumped hardware that executes only on the full clock cycle. Double pumped hardware requires significantly more hardware, however, to effectively process the instruction on the half clock cycle.

FIG. 5 illustrates the circuit of FIG. 4A including bypassing functionality according to one embodiment of the invention. The bypassing according to this embodiment may be implemented in addition to the “staggered execution” functionality described above. The circuitry of FIG. 5 is in communication with two source registers and a destination register according to the techniques described above. As is typical, the registers are selectively addressed by control logic (not shown). Thus, in one macro instruction, the circuitry can read operands from the two registers and write a result to the third register. The registers store data of a predetermined width, such as 128 bits. The input data is read via the full width data lines 115 and 125 respectively. In the illustration of FIG. 5, all data lines should be considered half width parallel data lines unless marked otherwise. Full width, parallel data lines are designated as such by the marking “/F”.

FIG. 5 additionally shows execution units 130 and 140 that perform operations on half the width of the operands retrieved from the source registers. Although two execution units are shown in FIG. 5, more or fewer execution units may be provided consistent with the present invention. To perform full width calculations, the full width input data is divided into two half-width segments and input to a logic unit sequentially. The circuitry of FIG. 5 provides a first switching stage including switches 150 and 60. The switches 150 and 160 output data from a selected one of a plurality of inputs. Data line 115 is a first input to switch 150. Data line 125 is a first input to switch 160. Switches 150 and 160 both receive data lines 170, a “write-back bypass bus,” as a second input. The switches 150 and 160 independently select an input under control of a controller 180. The switches 150 and 160 receive and output data as a full width signal.

The full width output of the switches 150 and 160 are split into half width data elements. Data lines 152 and 162 respectively carry low order data output from the switches 150 and 160. Data lines 154 and 164 carry high order data. Data lines 154 and 164 are input to delay elements 190, 200 respectively. Delay elements 190 and 200 delay input data by a full clock cycle. Thus, high order data propagates through the circuitry one clock cycle delayed with respect to the low order data. In one embodiment, the delay elements 190 and 200 may be master slave flip flops.

According to one embodiment, the circuitry provides a second switching stage populated by switches 210-240. Switch 210 receives low data output from switch 150; switch 230 receives high data output from switch 150. Switch 220 receives low data output from switch 160; switch 240 receives high data output from switch 160. Switches 210 and 220 both receive data from data lines 250, a “low order global bypass bus,” as a second input. Switches 230 and 240 both receive data from data lines 260, a “high order global bypass bus,” as a second input. The switches 210-240 output the data of the selected input on data lines 215, 225, 235 and 245 respectively, which propagates to a third switching stage. Each switch 210-240 switches to a selected input independently of each other switch under control of the controller 180.

Each execution unit 130 or 140 typically receives inputs at two input terminals IN1 and IN2. Input data arrives at each input terminal via the third stage of switching. The third stage provides a pair of switches for each execution unit. Thus, a pair of switches 270 and 280 is provided for logic unit 130 and a second pair of switches 290 and 300 is provided for logic unit 140. Each switch in the third stage selects from one of four inputs, organized as two pairs. Consider switch 270 as an example. A first pair of data inputs originate from the low and high data switches 210, 230 of the second stage. A second pair of inputs are received from data lines 210 and 320, a “low local bypass bus” and a “high local bypass bus”, respectively. Similarly, switch 280 receives a first pair of inputs from second stage switches 220, 240 and a second pair of inputs from the low and high local bypass buses 310, 320.

For each execution unit 130, 140, the switches associated with the IN1 terminal derive their inputs from the same source. Thus, the inputs to switch 290 are identical to the inputs to switch 270. Also, the switches associated with the IN2 terminal derive their inputs from the same source. Inputs to switch are identical to the inputs to switch 280. Although the inputs are identical, the switches 270-300 may be controlled independently.

Execution units 130 and 140 generate output data as two half width data segments. Low order data is output at an OUTLO terminal. High order data is output one clock cycle later at an OUTHI terminal. The low and high order output data propagate through separate drivers 330 and 340 to the low and high local bypass buses 310 and 320 respectively. Thus, low order output data may be input to any logic unit the next cycle after it is generated. The high order output data, generated one clock cycle later, may be input to any logic unit the cycle after it is generated. Thus, there is no delay associated with the local bypass.

Data on the each of the low and high local bypass buses 310 and 320 propagates through delay elements 350 and 360 to the low and high global bypass buses 250 and 260 respectively. Each delay element 350, 360 may include a latch 370 and a driver 380. Data input to a delay element 350, 360 appears on its output with a one clock cycle delay. Thus, data appears on the low and high global bypass buses 250, 260 one clock cycle after it appeared on the respective local bypass busses 310, 320.

As noted, the global bypass buses 250, 260 are input to the second stage switches 210-240. Low order data arrives to the global bypass bus 260 one clock cycle before the associated high order data arrives at the high global bypass bus 250. If either pair of the second stage switches 210-240 are switched to accept data from the global bypass buses as an input, the global bypass data may be bypassed back to the logic units 130, 140.

Data propagates from the global bypass buses 250, 260 back to a resultant register 390 over data lines 410. Resultant register 390 is a register that possesses the full width of data registers 110 and 120. Data is written to the resultant register 390 using full width, parallel data lines. A master slave flip flop 400 bridges the low order global bypass bus 250 to data lines 410. Data lines 410 are full width, parallel data lines. Flip flop 400 delays the low order data lines for one clock cycle to permit data to become established on the high order global bypass bus 260. When such data becomes available, low and high order data may be written to the resultant register 390 simultaneously.

The write bypass bus 170 allows data being written to the resultant register 390 to bypass back to the first stage of switches 150, 160. Thus, data may be redirected back to the execution unit 130 from the write bypass bus 170 by switching one of the first switches 150, 160 to output data from the write bypass bus 170. Data that flows to the execution unit 150 through the write bypass bus 170 is clocked into the execution unit three clock cycles after having been generated at the output terminal OUTLO.

A bypass controller 180 is provided in communication with the switches of all three switching stages. Bypass controller 180 monitors instructions issued by the microprocessor core (not shown). The bypass controller 180 configures the switching of each switch to implement any desired bypass. When the bypass controller 180 receives an instruction from by the core, it determines whether the input data fro the new instruction is resident on any bypass bus in the system. Consider an example where the core issues the following instructions:

PADD A,B→C,

PSHFT A,C→D

PXOR A, C→E, and

PSUB A,C→F

Also assume that execution unit 130 selectively performs the PADD, PXOR or PSUB functions and execution unit 140 performs the PSHFT function. The result, labeled “C” generated from the PADD function is an input to each of the following three instructions. The bypass architecture advantageously routes the C value back to inputs of the execution units without having to write data to register 390 and read it back to the circuitry.

The bypass controller 180 maintains a three register memory (not shown). One register, a local bypass register, is associated with the low local bypass bus 310. A second register, a global bypass register, is associated with the low order global bypass bus 250. The third register, a write back bypass register, is associated with the write-back bypass bus 170. Labels of data present on each bypass bus are stored in a corresponding register in the bypass controller 180.

Each time a new instruction is to be executed by the circuitry of FIG. 5, the bypass controller 180 compares the labels of the input data against the labels stored in its three registers. The bypass controller 180 detects a match when data to be input to the instruction is present on one of the bypass buses. If a match is detected, the bypass controller 180 causes the switching stages to route the data to the appropriate input of the appropriate execution unit. The controller 180 need only track the data present on the low order bypass buses. When it determines to bypass data from one of the low order bypass buses, it will automatically bypass data from the associated high order bypass bus one clock cycle later.

The following table explains how the bypass controller 180 performs its monitoring function. At clock cycle T, the PADD function is performed, generating a result that is to be stored in destination register 390 labeled register “C”. The bypass controller 180 stores a label for C in a memory register associated with the local bypass for low order data.

Clock: T + 1 Clock: T + 2 Clock: T + 3 PSHFT A,C -> D PXOR A,C -> E PSUB A,C -> F Register Inputs/ Register Inputs/ Register Inputs/ Contents Match? Contents Match? Contents Match? Local A C Local A C Local A C C x D x x E x x Global A C Global A C Global A C — x x C x D x x Write Back A C Write Back A C Write Back A C — x x — x x C x

At clock cycle T+1, the core issues the PSHFT instruction. The bypass controller 180 compares its local, global and write back buses against the designated inputs of the PSHFT command, A and C. A match is detected at the register associated with the local bypass bus 310. Accordingly, the bypass controller 180 causes a local bypass to be effected. In this case, switch 300 selects the local bypass bus 310 to bypass C back to the PSHFT execution unit 140.

At clock cycle T+2, the data within the bypass controller 180 registers are advanced to correspond to the movement of data from bypass bus to bypass bus. The label for C moves to the register associated with the global bypass bus 250; the label for D is input to the register associated with the local bypass bus 310. To cause the high order data to follow the low order data for the PSHFT instruction, the controller 180 causes switch 300 to select the local bypass for high order data 320 as an input.

When the core issues the PXOR instruction, the bypass controller 180 again compares its registers against the designated inputs of the PXOR instruction, A and C. A match is detected at the register associated with the global bypass 250. Accordingly, the bypass controller 180 causes a global bypass to be effected. Here, switch 220 selects the global bypass bus 250 and switch 280 selects data line 225. The data from the low order global bypass bus 250 is routed back to logic unit 130.

At clock cycle T+3, the data within the bypass controller 180 registers advance again in a manner corresponding to the advance of data. The label for C moves to the register associated with the write back, bypass bus 170, the label for D moves to the global bypass register and the label for E is written into the local bypass register. The controller 180 causes switch 240 to select the high order global bypass bus 260 to bypass the high order data to logic unit 140 to complete the PXOR instruction.

When the core issues the PSUB instruction, the bypass controller 180 performs the comparison and detects a match at the write back bypass bus 170. The controller 180 causes switch 160 to select write back bypass bus 170, switch 220 to selects data lines 162 and switch 280 to select data line 1225. For clock cycles T+4 and beyond, if C were designated as an input to an instruction, it would be read from register 390 according to conventional processes.

Bus contentions may be encountered among sequential operations to be performed by a single execution unit. Using the example of Table 1 again, consider what would occur if the core issued a PADD instruction at clock cycle T+4. Execution unit 130 performs PADDs. At cycle T+4, however, the controller 180 bypasses high order data from the delay latch 200 to execution unit 130 to complete the PSUB instruction of cycle T+3. Execution unit 130 is busy completing the PSUB instruction. Accordingly, core schedulers account for the bus contention and delay issuing the PADD instruction until the execution unit 130 is no longer busy.

The bus contention noted above occurs only when high order data from a bypass bus and a new instruction must use the same logic unit such as unit 130 in the example above. If the new instruction were a PSHFT or another instruction the referenced any execution unit other than unit 130, no contention would occur. Thus, the bypass architecture of the present invention permits data to be input to two or more execution units simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the switches of the circuit may be multiplexer latches (“LMUX”). The LMUXes select one of a plurality of inputs and route data from the selected input to an output. The bypass bus architecture described above advantageously provides an architecture scheme that avoids unnecessary reading and writing of data between the microprocessor core and the execution units and also provides the desired “one UOP, two data” principle of the staggered execution.

It will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and within the preview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. For example, although only two execution units are described above, any number of logic units may be provided.

Second Exemplary Embodiment

According to an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the staggered execution of a full width operand is achieved by converting a full width macro operation into at least two micro instructions that each operate on only half of the operands. Although the description below is written according to a particular register renaming method, it will be appreciated that other register renaming mechanisms may also be utilized consistent with the invention. The register renaming method as described below assumes the use of a Register Alias Table (RAT), a Reorder Buffer (ROB) and a retirement buffer, as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,912. Alternate register renaming methods such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,132 may also be implemented.

FIG. 6A illustrates conceptually one embodiment of a pipeline to perform operations on operands in a “staggered” manner by converting a macro operation into a plurality of micro operations that each processes a portion of the full width of the operands. It should be noted that various other stages of the pipeline, e.g. a prefetch stage, have not been shown in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. As illustrated, at the decode stage of the pipeline, a full width macro instruction (e.g. 128-bit) is received, specifying logical source registers, each storing a full width operand. By way of example, the described operands are 128-bit packed floating point data operands. In this example, the processor supports Y logical registers for storing packed floating point data. The macro instruction is converted into two half width (e.g. 64-bit) micro instructions, namely a “high order operation” and a “low order operation.” Each of the two half width micro instructions specifies a first and a second source and a destination.

The two half width micro instructions then move into a register renaming stage of the pipeline. The register renaming stage includes a variety of register maps and reorder buffers. The sources of each micro instruction are pointers to specific register entries in a register mapping table (e.g. a RAT). The entries in the register mapping table in turn point to the location of the sources in an ROB or in a retirement register. According to one embodiment, in order to accommodate the half width high and low order operations described above, a RAT for packed floating point data is provided with Y*2 entries. Thus, for example, instead of a RAT with the 8 entries, a RAT is created with 16 entries, each addressed as “high” or “low.” Each entry identifies a 64-bit source corresponding to either a high or a low part of the 128-bit logical register.

Each of the high and low order micro instructions thus has associated entries in the register mapping table corresponding to the respective operands. The micro instructions then move into a scheduling stage (for an out of order processor) or to an execution stage (for an in order processor). Each micro instruction retrieves and separately processes a 64-bit segment of the 128-bit operands. One of the operations (e.g. the lower order operation) is first executed by the 64-bit hardware units and 64-bits of data (e.g. the 64 lower order bits) are retrieved and processed. The other operation (e.g. the higher order operation) waits until the 64-bit hardware units have completed the lower order operation. Then, the same 64-bit hardware unit executes the higher order operation, first retrieving another 64 bits of data (e.g. the higher order bits) to process. Although the above example describes the lower order operation and higher order operation being performed sequentially, the operations do not in fact have to be performed sequentially. Each operation is completely independent of the other, i.e. either operation may be performed first and any number of other operations may be performed in between these two operations. The results of the operation, however, are retired sequentially.

Although the above embodiment describes the macro instruction being divided into two micro operations, alternate embodiments may divide the macro instruction into more micro instruction. While FIG. 6A shows that the packed floating point data is returned to a real register file with Y*2 64-bit registers, each designated as high or low, alternate embodiments may use a real register file with Y 128-bit registers. In addition, while one embodiment is described having a register renaming mechanism with a reorder buffer and real register files, alternate embodiments may use any register renaming mechanism. For example, the register renaming mechanism of U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,132 uses a history queue and backup map.

FIG. 6B is a timing chart that further illustrates the embodiment described in FIG. 6A. At time T, a macro instruction “ADD X, Y” enters the decode stage of the pipeline of FIG. 6A. By way of example, the macro instruction here is a 128-bit instruction. The 128-bit macro instruction is converted into two 64-bit micro instructions, namely the high order operation, “ADD X_(H), Y_(H)” and the low order operation, “ADD X_(L) Y_(L).” Each micro instruction then processes a segment of data containing two data elements. At time T, the low order operation is executed by a 64-bit execution unit. Then at time T+1, the high order operation is executed by the same 64-bit execution unit. This embodiment of the present invention is thus especially suitable for processing 128-bit instructions using existing 64-bit hardware systems without significant changes to the hardware. The existing systems are easily extended to include a new map to handle packed floating point, in addition to the existing scalar floating point/integer packed data map and scalar integer map.

Staggered Execution Shuffle Instruction

The present invention accommodates a way to reorganize the order of data elements where less than the full number of bits is available for a control register. According to one aspect of the invention, a method and apparatus are described for moving data elements in a packed data operand (a shuffle operation). The shuffle operation allows shuffling of certain-sized data into any combination from two source registers or memory into a destination register. The destination register may be the same as a source register. The shuffle instruction is useful in data reorganization and in moving data into different locations of the register to allow, for example, extra storage for scalar operations, or for facilitating the conversion between data formats such as from packed integer to packed floating point and vice versa.

The term “registers” is used herein to refer to the on-board processor storage locations that are used as part of macro-instructions to identify operands. In other words, the registers referred to herein are those that are visible from the outside of the processor (from a programmers perspective). However, the registers described herein can be implemented by circuitry within a processor using any number of different techniques, such as dedicated physical registers, dynamically allocated physical registers using register renaming, combinations of dedicated and dynamically allocated physical registers, etc.

The staggered execution of a macro architecture shuffle instruction is performed in three distinct steps, implemented by three micro architecture instructions. First, the low order data elements of the second source logical register are copied to a temporary storage location, either a logical register or memory. Second, any of the data elements in the first source logical register are shuffled to the low order data elements of the destination logical register. Third, any of the data elements in the temporary storage location or the high order data elements in the second source logical register are shuffled to the high order data elements of the destination logical register. The copy function performed by the first micro architecture instruction allows the destination logical register to be the same as one of the source logical registers by preserving the low order data elements of the destination logical register.

FIGS. 7A and 7B conceptually illustrate a technique for performing a shuffle operation on two numbers according to one embodiment of the invention. In this application, data is represented by ovals, while instructions are represented by rectangles. Beginning from a start state, the process S700 proceeds to process S710, where numbers X₀, X₁, X₂ and X₃ are stored as data elements in a packed data item 715. For present discussion purposes, each data element is 16-bits wide and is contained in logical register X, in the following order:

|X3|X2|X1|X0|

The process S700 then proceeds to process step S720, where numbers Y0, Y1, Y2 and Y3 are stored as data elements in a packed data item 725. For present discussion purposes, each data element is 16-bits wide and is contained in logical register Y, in the following order:

|Y3|Y2|Y1|Y0|

The process S700 then proceeds to process step S730, where data elements Y0 and Y1 are copied by a first micro architecture instruction as data elements in a temporary packed data item 735, in the following order:

|Y1|Y0|

The process S700 then advances to process step S740, where a shuffle instruction is performed by a second micro architecture instruction on the contents of logical register X (data item 715) to shuffle any one of the four data elements from the first data item 715 to the lower two fields of a destination logical register 745. The resulting data item 745 is as follows:

|Y3,|Y2|{X3, X2, X1, X0}|{X3, X2, X1, X0}|

The process S700 then advances to process step S750, where a shuffle instruction is performed by a third micro architecture instruction on the contents of logical register Y (data item 725), and temporary packed (data item 735), to shuffle any one of the upper two data elements from the second data item 725 or any one of the data elements from the temporary packed data item to the upper two fields of the destination logical register 755. The resulting data item 755 is as follows:

|{Y3, Y2, Y1, Y0}|{Y3, Y2, Y1, Y0}|{X3, X2, X1, X0}|{X3, X2, X1, X0}|

Accordingly, a shuffle operation is performed. The intermediate copy step S730 allows a shuffle instruction to be performed in a staggered execution environment where the destination logical register is the same as a source logical register. Destination logical register 755 may be the same as either of source logical registers 715 or 725. Although FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an example of the shuffle operation with data operands having four data elements, the principles of the invention may also be implemented in data operands having at least two elements.

An 8-bit immediate value is used as a control word to indicate how data elements should be shuffled. Bits 0,1 of the control word indicate which of the four data elements in the first operand are shuffled into the first or lowest data element of the destination logical register. Bits 2,3 of the control word indicate which of the four data elements in the first operand are shuffled into the second data element of the destination logical register. Bits 4,5 of the control word indicate which of the four data elements in the second operand are shuffled into the third data element of the destination logical register. Bits 6,7 of the control word indicate which of the four data elements in the second operand are shuffled into the fourth data element of the destination logical register.

It will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that the size of the shuffle control word may vary depending without loss of compatibility with the present invention, depending on the number of data elements in the source data operand and the number of fields in the destination logical register.

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic for performing a shuffle operation on two numbers according to one embodiment of the invention. The device 800 reads the contents of a first source packed data operand 805 and a second source packed data operand 810. Data elements E and F are copied as data elements into a temporary packed data item 815 by a first micro architecture instruction (1). A four to one data multiplexer shuffles any one of data elements {D,C,B,A} from either data operands 805 into the lower field of destination data item 820 by a second micro architecture instruction (2). A four to one data multiplexer shuffles any one of data elements {H,G} from data operand 810 or temporary packed data item 815 into the upper field of destination data item 820 by a third micro architecture instruction (3).

Accordingly, a shuffle operation is performed. Destination logical register 820 may be the same as either of source logical registers 805 or 810. Although FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the shuffle operation with data operands having four data elements, the principles of the invention may also be implemented in data operands having more than two elements.

Thus, a method and apparatus for staggering execution of an instruction is disclosed. These specific arrangements and methods described herein are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications in form and detail may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention. Although this invention has been shown in relation to a particular preferred embodiment, it should not be considered so limited. Rather, the present invention is limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a single full-width macro instruction specifying at least two logical registers, wherein the two logical registers respectively store a first and second packed data operands having corresponding data elements; responsive to the single full-width macro instruction, dividing the single full-width macro instruction into at least two partial-width micro instructions that each operate on a portion of the corresponding data elements of the first and second packed data operands by generating a first and second partial-width micro instruction corresponding to the single full-width macro instruction; independently accessing a first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from the first and second logical registers in response to the first and second partial-width micro instruction, respectively; and responsive to the first and second partial-width micro instructions, independently performing an operation specified by the single full-width macro instruction on the first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from said first and second packed data operands, respectively, at different times using the same partial-width circuitry to independently generate a first and second plurality of resulting data elements, wherein the first and second plurality of resulting data elements are stored in a single logical register as a third packed data operand.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of the corresponding data elements comprise a lower order data segment of the first and second packed data operands and the second plurality of the corresponding data elements comprise a higher order data segment of the first and second packed data operands.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second packed data operands each include at least two data elements, the method further comprising: copying one of the data elements from the second packed data operand to a temporary location; shuffling one of the data elements in the first parked data operand to a lower destination field of a destination register; shuffling one of the data elements in the second packed data operand to an upper destination field of the destination register; and shuffling one of the data elements in the temporary location to an upper destination field of the destination register.
 4. A method comprising: receiving a single macro instruction specifying an operation; generating a first micro instruction and second micro instruction corresponding to the single macro instruction, the first micro instruction specifying a first operation and the second micro instruction specifying a second operation; accessing a first and a second packed data operand each having at least two data elements in response to the first and second micro instruction; copying one of the data elements from the second packed data operand to a temporary location; an execution unit executing the first operation specified by the first micro instruction on the first packed data operand by shuffling one of the data elements in the first packed data operand to a lower destination field of a destination register; the execution unit executing the second operation specified by the second micro instruction on the second packed data operand by shuffling one of the data elements in the second packed data operand to an upper destination field of the destination register; and shuffling one of the data elements in the temporary location to an upper destination field of the destination register.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first and second packed data operands each have four data elements.
 6. A processor comprising: a register file containing packed data wherein the data includes a plurality of data elements; a partial-width execution unit coupled to the register file; and a circuit, coupled to the register file and the execution unit, in response to a single full-width macro instruction specifying an operation, being configured to: divide the single full-width macro instruction into at least two partial-width micro instructions that each operate on a portion of corresponding data elements of the plurality of data elements by generating a first and second partial-width micro instruction corresponding to the single full-width macro instruction, cause the partial-width execution unit, responsive to the first partial-width micro instruction, to perform the operation on a first subset of the plurality of data elements to output a first result, and cause the partial-width execution unit, responsive to the second partial-width micro instruction, to perform the operation on a second subset of the plurality of data elements to output a second result.
 7. The processor of claim 6, wherein the plurality of data elements includes 128-bits of data from the register file.
 8. The processor of claim 7, wherein the first and second subset of the plurality of data elements each include 64-bits of data from the register file.
 9. A machine-readable medium having stored thereon data representing sequences of instructions, the sequences of instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the steps of: receiving a single full-width macro instruction specifying at least two logical registers, wherein the two logical registers respectively store a first and second packed data operands having corresponding data elements; responsive to the single full-width macro instruction, dividing the single full-width macro instruction into at least two partial-width micro instructions that each operate on a portion of the corresponding data elements of the first and second packed data operands by generating a first and second partial-width micro instruction corresponding to the single full-width macro instruction; independently accessing a first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from the first and second logical registers in response to the first and second partial-width micro instruction, respectively; and responsive to the first and second partial-width micro instructions, independently performing an operation specified by the single full-width macro instruction on the first and second plurality of the corresponding data elements from said first and second packed data operands, respectively, at different times using the same partial-width circuitry to independently generate a first and second plurality of resulting data elements, wherein the first and second plurality of resulting data elements are stored in a single logical register as a third packed data operand.
 10. The machine-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the first plurality of the corresponding data elements comprise a lower order data segment of the first and second packed data operands and the second plurality of the corresponding data elements comprise a higher order data segment of the first and second packed data operands.
 11. The machine-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the first and second packed data operands each include at least two data elements, and wherein the sequences of instructions further cause the processor to perform the steps of: copying one of the data elements from the second packed data operand to a temporary location; shuffling one of the data elements in the first packed data operand to a lower destination field of a destination register; shuffling one of the data elements in the second packed data operand to an upper destination field of the destination register; and shuffling one of the data elements in the temporary location to an upper destination field of the destination register. 